中华流行病学杂志  2014, Vol. 35 Issue (10): 1083-1086   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2014.10.001
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文章信息

韩明奎, 周云平, 李素云, 潘璐璐, 杨孝荣, 李慧杰, 姜帆, 张楠, 贾崇奇. 2014.
Han Mingkui, Zhou Yunping, Li Suyun, Pan Lulu, Yang Xiaorong, Li Huijie, Jiang Fan, Zhang Nan, Jia Chongqi. 2014.
吸烟原因与戒烟成功关系的优势分析
Dominance analysis on the association between reasons for smoking and results related to successful smoking cessation
中华流行病学杂志, 2014, 35(10): 1083-1086
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2014, 35(10): 1083-1086
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2014.10.001

文章历史

投稿日期:2014-4-30
吸烟原因与戒烟成功关系的优势分析
韩明奎, 周云平, 李素云, 潘璐璐, 杨孝荣, 李慧杰, 姜帆, 张楠, 贾崇奇     
250012 济南, 山东大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系
摘要目的 研究吸烟原因与戒烟成功的关系。方法 采用以社区人群为基础的病例对照研究设计,以642 名男性自发性戒烟成功者为病例组,700 名男性自发性戒烟失败者为对照组,应用Russell 吸烟原因问卷(RRSQ)调查吸烟原因。运用优势logistic 回归探讨吸烟原因对戒烟成功影响的相对重要性。结果 在调整了潜在混杂因素(年龄、开始吸烟年龄、婚姻、职业、教育水平)后,戒烟成功组“镇静”和“刺激”的得分显著低于戒烟失败组;优势logistic 分析显示,影响戒烟成功的前两项因素依次为“镇静”和“刺激”,其次为“心理意向”、“自动”、“手口活动”、“享乐”和“瘾”。结论 成瘾依赖是影响戒烟成功的最主要因素,其作用大于社会心理因素。
关键词吸烟     戒烟     Russell吸烟原因问卷     优势分析    
Dominance analysis on the association between reasons for smoking and results related to successful smoking cessation
Han Mingkui, Zhou Yunping, Li Suyun, Pan Lulu, Yang Xiaorong, Li Huijie, Jiang Fan, Zhang Nan, Jia Chongqi     
Department of Epidemiology and Health Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
Abstract: Objective To study the association between reasons for smoking and results related to successful smoking cessation. Methods A community-based case-control study was conducted with 642 male adults recognized as successful spontaneous smoking quitters being the subject cases while another 700 male adults who had failed to quit smoking were served as the controls. Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire(RRSQ)was used to investigate the reasons for smoking. Dominance logistic regression was performed to determine the relative importance of reasons for starting smoking and the endpoint of successful quit smoking. Results After adjusting the potential confounders of age,age of smoking initiation,marital status,profession,and education,the adjusted means of sedative and stimulation of RRSQ in the successful quitters were significant lower than that in the failed quitters. Results from the dominance logistic regression showed that the first two important factors for smoking cessation were sedative and stimulation of RRSQ,followed by psychological image,automatic,hand-mouth activity,indulgence,and addiction. Conclusion This study demonstrated that factors as dependence-addiction showed more important impacts than the social-psychological ones on the endpoint of successful smoking cessation.
Key words: Smoking     Smoking cessation     Russell reason for smoking questionnaire     Dominance analysis    

烟草应用是目前导致全球可预防死亡的首要死 因[1]。而我国是烟草生产与销售大国,烟草应用状 况十分严峻,特别是农村居民吸烟率和吸烟量均明 显高于城市人群[2, 3]。因此在农村地区开展有效的 控烟工作,迫在眉睫,势在必行。吸烟行为包括戒烟 受个体生理、心理及社会环境因素的影响[4, 5, 6, 7, 8]。国内 吸烟原因的调查常采用Russell 吸烟原因问卷 (Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire,RRSQ), 目前该问卷共有24 个条目,8 个分量表,既包含社会 心理因素,也包含依赖与成瘾因素。本研究采用 RRSQ选择农村男性吸烟人群为研究对象调查吸烟 原因,并运用优势分析(dominance analysis),探讨吸 烟原因与戒烟的关系,为在我国农村地区开展控烟 干预提供依据。 对象与方法

1.调查对象:2014年4-5月以Global AdultTobacco Survey (GATS)设计的调查表为基础[9],在山东省济南市平阴县、临沂市莒南县、济宁市梁山县17个行政村≥18岁男性人群中选择曾戒烟者,采用面对面方式调查,共得有效问卷1 429份,其中现在吸烟者596份(包括现在每日吸烟者509份及现在偶尔吸烟者87份)及戒烟者833份。调查采用以人群为基础的病例对照研究设计,以自发性戒烟成功者642例为病例组,自发性戒烟失败者700例为对照组。本研究通过山东大学伦理审查委员会批准,并向所有受试者提供知情同意书。

2. 分析方法: (1)相关定义:①吸烟:指一生中累计吸烟≥100支(或等量烟草)[10];②现在吸烟:达到吸烟标准,调查时在吸[10];③现在每日吸烟:达到吸烟标准,调查时每天至少吸1支卷烟[10];④现在偶尔吸烟:达到吸烟标准,调查时在吸,但非每天吸[10];⑤戒烟:达到吸烟标准,但调查时已不再吸[10];⑥戒烟成功:达到吸烟标准,但调查时已连续不再吸烟≥2年[11];⑦戒烟不成功:达到吸烟标准,曾经戒过烟但又复吸,或调查时已连续不再吸烟<2年。 (2)调查问卷:采用RRSQ。该问卷由24条目组成,每个条目赋值0~3分,分别代表没有或几乎没有、小部分时间有、相当多时间有、几乎一直有。该问卷共分为8个分量表,即心理意向(psychological image)、手口语动(hand mouth activity)、享乐(indulgent)、镇静(sedative)、刺激(stimulation)、瘾(addictive)、自动(automatic)和辅助量表(auxiliary scale)。前3个分量表构成社会心理维度,后5个分量表构成依赖与成瘾维度,且后3个分量表相加为依赖分[12]。而辅助分量表不表示具体的吸烟原因[12, 13],所以在分析吸烟原因与戒烟成功的关系时剔除。

3. 统计学方法:计数资料组间比较采用Fisher’s确切概率;计量资料组间比较,方差齐采用单因素方差分析,方差不齐采用非参统计的Kruskal-Wallis检验。调整潜在混杂因素后,RRSQ量表得分组间比较采用多元线性回归分析。RRSQ各分量表得分对戒烟成功的影响采用优势logistic回归分析。潜在混杂因素(包括年龄、开始吸烟年龄、婚姻、职业、教育水平)作为回归模型的协变量予以调整。所有统计分析应用STATA/SE 13.1(Stata Corporation,College Station,TX,USA)实现。采用双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果

1. 一般特征:调查对象除职业、每天吸烟量、吸烟包年外,其他变量在戒烟成功组与戒烟失败组之间的差异有统计学意义(表 1)。

表 1 调查对象一般特征

2. 量表的信度评价:据文献在Likert量表中内部一致性,若Cronbach’s α系数>0.8表示极好;在0.6~0.8之间表示较好,<0.6表示较差[14]。因此,RRSQ在本研究人群中,除手口活动分量表外,其余皆具有良好的内部一致性(表 2)。

表 2 RRSQ的信度评价果

3. RRSQ各分量表的得分:在调整潜在混杂因素(包括年龄、开始吸烟年龄、婚姻、职业、教育水平)后,戒烟成功组的心理意向、手口活动、享乐、镇静、刺激、瘾分量表得分小于戒烟失败组,但是只有镇静、刺激分量表得分的差异有统计学意义;而自动、辅助分量表的评分虽然戒烟成功组大于戒烟失败组,但差异无统计学意义(表 3)。

表 3 RRSQ量表得分的调整均数(

4. 吸烟原因对戒烟影响的优势分析:在调整潜在混杂因素(包括年龄、开始吸烟年龄、婚姻、职业、教育水平)后,优势logistic分析结果显示,对戒烟成功影响前2位的因素依次为“镇静”、“刺激”,其次为“心理意向”、“自动”、“手口活动”、“享乐”及“瘾”(表 4)。

表 4 RRSQ中吸烟原因对戒烟影响的优势logistic分析
讨论

本研究采用RRSQ以社区人群为基础的病例对照设计,并运用优势分析方法,探讨吸烟原因对戒烟成功的影响。结果显示,镇静、刺激是影响戒烟成功的前2位因素,其余依次为心理意向、自动、手口活动、享乐及瘾。依赖成瘾是影响戒烟成功的最主要因素,其作用大于社会心理因素。 有研究表明,负性心理如焦虑、抑郁是吸烟[15, 16, 17, 18]与戒烟后复吸[18, 19, 20]的重要影响因素。吸烟者的负性心理可提高吸烟者对烟草的渴求,以期望获得镇静与刺激,起着缓解其负性情绪的作用。镇静与刺激隶属于依赖与成瘾维度;众多研究显示[6, 8, 21, 22, 23],依赖与成瘾是影响戒烟成功的重要因素。本研究结果进一步支持此结论。 RRSQ反映了社会心理维度和依赖成瘾维度。虽然两因素皆可影响吸烟与戒烟,但其作用不尽一致。本研究表明,依赖成瘾因素对戒烟成功的作用大于社会心理因素,这是在控烟干预中应值得注意的问题。 在多因子疾病的病因研究中,探讨变量之间的关系,具有重要的理论价值与实际意义。但传统方法的严重缺陷是预测变量之间的相对重要性时,其结论可能随子模型的变化而发生改变[24, 25, 26]。而优势分析方法由于平均了变量的直接效应(仅考虑变量本身)、总体效应(依赖于全模型中的所有预测变量)和偏效应(依赖于所有子模型中的其他预测变量),因而克服了传统分析方法的缺陷,使得各预测变量的相对重要性更加准确。为此本研究运用该方法,探讨RRSQ中各变量对戒烟成功影响的相对重要性,也为其他类似研究提供了借鉴。 国内研究认为,社会交往是吸烟的原因之一[19, 27]。而RRSQ中文版缺乏反映该因素的分量表,这是本研究的缺陷。另外,本文为病例对照研究,虽然是以社区人群为基础,但不排除可能存在的选择偏倚、回忆偏倚。 (感谢调查地区卫生局、疾病预防控制中心及所有参与人员给予的大力支持与帮助)

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