中华流行病学杂志  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (10): 1741-1744   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20191108-00795
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

陈卿, 韩明辉, 黄生兵, 武小艳, 胡付兰, 张明, 胡东生.
Chen Qing, Han Minghui, Huang Shengbing, Wu Xiaoyan, Hu Fulan, Zhang Ming, Hu Dongsheng
双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病相关性研究进展
Progress of research on the relations between bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus
中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(10): 1741-1744
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, 41(10): 1741-1744
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20191108-00795

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-11-08
双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病相关性研究进展
陈卿1 , 韩明辉1,2 , 黄生兵1,2 , 武小艳1,2 , 胡付兰1,2 , 张明1,2 , 胡东生1,2     
1. 深圳市宝安区慢性病防治院精神卫生科 518101;
2. 深圳大学医学部公共卫生学院流行病学系 518051
摘要: 双相情感障碍患者患2型糖尿病的风险以及2型糖尿病患者患双相情感障碍的风险都显著高于普通人群,已有研究证据提示两者之间可能存在共同的发病机制。双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者健康行为方式的自我管理能力较低,并发症发病风险增加,患者的致残率和致死率增加。本文就双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病流行情况、两者的联系及其可能的机制、健康危害及干预策略和措施作一综述,以提高研究者对该类患者的重视,为深入开展双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病的病因学及干预研究提供一定的流行病学证据。
关键词: 双相情感障碍    糖尿病,2型    患病率    干预策略    
Progress of research on the relations between bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Chen Qing1 , Han Minghui1,2 , Huang Shengbing1,2 , Wu Xiaoyan1,2 , Hu Fulan1,2 , Zhang Ming1,2 , Hu Dongsheng1,2     
1. Department of Mental Health, Bao'an Chronic Diseases Prevent and Cure Hospital, Shenzhen 518051, China;
2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518051, China
Abstract: Both risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and of BD in patients with T2DM are both significantly higher than the general population, indicating the two disorders may share the common pathogenesis. Patients with BD and co-morbid T2DM behave poorly on managing their own behavior on health, thus increased risks of outcomes on related complications, disability and mortality. The article reviewed the epidemiologic features, health hazards, relations and possible mechanisms between BD and T2DM. Strategies and measures on intervention of BD and T2DM were also involved in the text to improve the awareness and research ability of the researchers.
Key words: Bipolar disorder    Type 2 diabetes mellitus    Prevalence    Intervention strategies    

双相情感障碍(bipolar disorder)是近年来精神心理研究的热点。双相情感障碍患者心血管疾病患病率和死亡率的升高也越来越引起人们关注[1-2]。研究表明,其他心血管事件的危险因素,比如血脂异常、MS、2型糖尿病等,在双相情感障碍患者中都有很高的比例[3-4]。最近的Meta分析显示,双相情感障碍患者中2型糖尿病的患病率高达13.7%[5];瑞典横断面研究显示,2型糖尿病患者中双相情感障碍的患病率大约是非2型糖尿病患者的2倍[6]。双相情感障碍与2型糖尿病的发生都有遗传与外界因素的共同作用,两者之间联系紧密,相关综述却很少。本文就双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病的概念、流行情况、发病机制可能的联系以及两者的危害和干预策略等方面进行综述,为后续双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病的病因学研究提供参考,并为开发双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者治疗的新途径提供流行病学证据。

一、双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病的概念

双相情感障碍又称为躁狂抑郁症,是一类既有躁狂发作或轻躁狂发作,又有抑郁发作的常见精神障碍,主要分为双相Ⅰ型情感障碍、双相Ⅱ型情感障碍和环性心境障碍[7]。躁狂发作时表现为情感高涨,抑郁发作时表现为情绪低落等症状,其具有起病年龄早、患病率高、自杀率高、复发率高、致残率高、疾病负担重的特点,由于临床上误诊、漏诊、未治、误治现象非常普遍,所以会对患者的整体预后有一定影响[8]

糖尿病是以慢性高血糖为主要表现的临床综合征,由于不同的病因和发病机制引起的体内胰岛素的绝对或相对缺乏或胰岛素作用障碍而导致的机体糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢紊乱或异常[9]。糖尿病是一种慢性终身性疾病,可造成患者的血管、神经等功能的损害和衰竭。

二、双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病流行情况

2017年全球疾病负担报告显示[10],全球范围内双相情感障碍患者超过4 554.9万,在2007-2017年间,双相情感障碍患病率增加了15.2%。截至2017年底,我国在册双相情感障碍患者超过33.3万人,在所有在册严重精神障碍患者中占比为5.73%[11]。一项纳入11个国家的61 392名研究对象的研究显示,双相Ⅰ型情感障碍、双相Ⅱ型情感障碍的终身患病率分别是0.6%和0.4%[12]。我国一项纳入32 552名研究对象的心理健康报告称,双相情感障碍终身患病率为0.6%,其中双相Ⅰ型情感障碍为0.4%[13]。我国一项纳入766 427名研究对象的横断面研究显示,双相情感障碍患者的2型糖尿病的患病率明显高于一般人群(10.77% vs. 5.57%),其患病风险是后者的2.01倍[14]。一项基于19项流行病学研究(回顾性、横断面和前瞻性设计)的Meta分析显示,双相情感障碍患者的2型糖尿病患病率为9.4%;与匹配年龄、性别的对照组相比,其发病风险是后者的1.98倍[15]。新近的Meta分析显示,双相情感障碍患者的2型糖尿病患者的患病率高达13.7%[5]。同时,双相情感障碍患者的糖代谢异常率更高。德国和加拿大的横断面研究显示2型糖尿病/糖尿病前期患病率和2型糖尿病/胰岛素抵抗分别达到34%和53.7%[16-17]。此外,一项纳入1 835名研究对象的按年龄和性别匹配的巢式病例对照研究显示,双相情感障碍患者组10年间服用抗糖尿病药物为10.1%,其对应的风险是对照组的1.70倍[18]。此外,国际糖尿病联盟(International Diabetes Federation)报告称,全球2017年糖尿病患病人数高达4.25亿,约一半的糖尿病患者尚未被诊断出来[19]。相比较一般人群,双相情感障碍患者参加身体检查的比例低,因此,在双相情感障碍患者,真实的糖尿病患病率可能会更高[20]。此外,2型糖尿病人群中患双相情感障碍的风险也明显高于非2型糖尿病人群。瑞典一项纳入205.8万研究对象的研究显示,2型糖尿病患者中双相情感障碍的患病率大约是非2型糖尿病患者的2倍(0.66% vs. 0.37%),其患双相情感障碍的风险在男性中是非2型糖尿病患者的1.60倍,在女性中是非2型糖尿病患者的1.71倍[6]。最近一项研究显示,双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病或胰岛素抵抗患者患慢性双相情感障碍的概率是正常血糖患者的3.07倍;合并胰岛素调节异常的患者患快速循环(双相情感障碍的一个亚型)的风险是胰岛素调节正常的3.13倍[17]。关于在糖尿病人群中研究双相情感障碍患病风险的研究较少,需进行进一步研究。由此可见,双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病的作用是相互的,两者之间可能存在共同的发病机制。

三、双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病发病机制可能的联系

双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病的发病机制都涉及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺功能障碍和线粒体功能障碍[21-24]。双相情感障碍患者的基础皮质醇水平较高,皮质醇觉醒反应减弱和昼夜皮质醇曲线变平,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺系统对各种生理和心理应激源反应异常[25]。同时,皮质醇曲线的变平以及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺系统失调会导致胰岛素分泌减少和糖异生作用增加,从而导致高血糖并进展为2型糖尿病[26]。另外,双相情感障碍患者大脑中的pH值、磷酸肌酸和三磷酸腺苷降低,脑乳酸水平升高,线粒体功能出现异常[23]。2型糖尿病患者中线粒体的大小和/或数量、结构和功能会出现异常,线粒体产生三磷酸腺苷的能力降低[27]。因此,两者发病的生理病理学机制可能也在线粒体功能上有潜在的联系。

有研究表明,双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病患者容易过敏且炎症前期标志物会升高,提示免疫功能障碍和慢性炎症状态也可能是两者发病可能的生理病理学联系。氧化应激可能导致胰腺和大脑的细胞损伤和凋亡,而胰腺和大脑细胞又是2型糖尿病和双相情感障碍发病的重要环节,提示可能是双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病共同的环境危险因素[28-29]。另外,嘌呤代谢失调、磷脂代谢和脂肪酸相关的信号转导受损,也可能会同时导致双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病发生[30-31]。有研究表明,糖原合酶激酶-3以及甲状腺激素在双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病发病中也都存在失调[32-34],也有可能是两者发病可能的生理病理机制。

双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病存在共同的遗传异常和易感性位点。Torkamani等[35]在评估常见的7种疾病与全基因组关联时发现,在前1 000个与疾病相关的SNP位点中,双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病有68个共同的SNP位点,另外,前10个的疾病通路中就包含了情绪和代谢疾病的共同通路。有研究表明,PAX6(一种神经转录因子)对类受体酪氨酸激酶孤儿受体1的异常调节也有可能是双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病发病的另外一种在基因水平上的联系[36]。因此,双相情感障碍和2型糖尿病发病在基因水平可能也有关联。

双相情感障碍是2型糖尿病的危险因素。双相情感障碍的患者,往往体力活动较少,久坐时间增加,简单碳水化合物摄入增加,含糖饮料摄入增加[37]。此外,双相情感障碍的患者,无论是在抑郁和躁狂发作,还是心情舒畅时,都会睡眠质量不好等,而睡眠不足与胰岛素敏感性降低有关,缺乏足够的胰岛素代偿释放,增加2型糖尿病的风险[38]。此外,抗精神药物的可能会引起对简单碳水化合物和高脂肪食物的渴望和/或镇静导致活动水平降低引起的严重的体重增加也有可能导致2型糖尿病[39]

然而,目前尚无直接针对双相情感障碍与2型糖尿病的共同发病机制的研究,只能基于目前的流行病学证据进行综合推测,需要进一步研究进行证实[40-42]。2种疾病可能的共同发病机制有:①下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺功能障碍和线粒体功能障碍;②炎症、嘌呤代谢障碍以及磷脂代谢和脂肪酸相关的信号转导受损等;③两病存在共同的易感性基因位点。此外,双相情感障碍患者中会共存一些2型糖尿病的危险因素(行为方式、饮食习惯等),也会导致2型糖尿病的风险增加。

四、双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病的健康危害

双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病对血糖控制和病情的转归等方面有很多消极影响。这部分人往往在健康饮食、体育锻炼、戒烟等方面自我控制能力比较弱,BMI较高[43-44]。同时,他们依从性差,很少去进行糖化血红蛋白、血糖、血脂检查,眼底检查,甚至是常规的一些糖尿病检测[45]。这就会阻碍2型糖尿病的管理和生活质量的控制,导致双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者血糖控制不良,甚至会一直处于高糖状态。双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者处于高糖状态有可能会导致各种组织,尤其是眼部、心脏、神经、肾的慢性损伤,长期以来会发生不可逆转的危害,出现功能障碍[46]。双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病也会增加其他精神病的发病风险[44],增加其他慢性非传染型疾病的发病风险。此外,双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者中,高血压患病风险增加,心血管疾病发病增加,致残率、致死率增加,生活质量评分降低[44, 47-48]。所以,双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病带来很严重的疾病负担和经济社会负担,影响人们生活质量。

五、双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病的干预策略和措施

双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者往往有不良的生活习惯,比如简单碳水化合物的摄入较多,体力活动水平低,睡眠质量差等。因此,这类人应该健康饮食,增加体育锻炼,降低体重,减少其他心血管危险因素等,养成健康的生活方式。同时,改善他们的心理状态,提高他们依从性,对血糖血脂的控制以及病情的转归有着积极作用。部分双相情感障碍患者即使在诊断为2型糖尿病后,也没有得到及时的治疗,因此对该部分人进行常规监测是重要的一环[49-50]。精神病管理中心应该与糖尿病监测中心共同建立一个护理通道,加强对双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者监测和管理,对降低总体死亡率和改善双相情感障碍患者的生活质量至关重要。同时,新的治疗途径,特别是那些针对两病可能的共同疾病机制进行治疗的途径,对于双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者是迫切需要的。糖原激酶-3因其涉及到两病的共同发病机制而成为研究的热点,更多新的糖原激酶-3抑制剂需要研发并进行临床前试验[51-52]。此外,有研究报道Toll样受体修饰剂可以通过针对共同炎症途径来进行治疗疾病,不过需要进一步的研究进行证实[53-54]。一项随机双盲对照试验用抗糖尿病药物吡格列酮辅助锂盐治疗可以改善非2型糖尿病患者双相情感障碍患者的抑郁症状,有必要进一步在双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病患者中开展随机对照试验[55]

综上所述,基于目前的流行病学证据,双相情感障碍与2型糖尿病之间存在着明确关联。一方面双相情感障碍患者2型糖尿病的患病率较高;另一方面,2型糖尿病患者中双相情感障碍的患病风险也很大。双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病可能在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺功能、线粒体功能、炎症反应、基因以及表观遗传等方面有着共同的通路。同时,双相情感障碍自身也可能是2型糖尿病发病的危险因素。加强对双相情感障碍合并2型糖尿病监测和管理并针对两病的共同生理病理机制开发新途径,对降低疾病负担和改善患者生活质量将有很积极的作用。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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