中华流行病学杂志  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (11): 1938-1941   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20191102-00776
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

李敏娟, 邵丹彤, 陈茹, 王少明, 魏文强.
Li Minjuan, Shao Dantong, Chen Ru, Wang Shaoming, Wei Wenqiang
具核梭杆菌与上消化道癌研究进展
Progress in research of Fusobacterium nucleatum and upper gastrointestinal cancer
中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(11): 1938-1941
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2020, 41(11): 1938-1941
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20191102-00776

文章历史

收稿日期: 2019-11-02
具核梭杆菌与上消化道癌研究进展
李敏娟 , 邵丹彤 , 陈茹 , 王少明 , 魏文强     
国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院肿瘤登记办公室, 北京 100021
摘要: 随着多组学以及高通量测序技术的发展,研究表明消化道菌群紊乱与多癌种的发生发展相关,但是关于上消化道癌及其癌前病变与消化道微生态相关性的研究尚处于起步阶段。具核梭杆菌,口腔共生菌之一,也是一种机会性致病菌,通过促进肿瘤微环境形成进而促进肿瘤进展,可作为新型生物标志物运用于肿瘤的早发现、早诊断和早治疗。本文通过检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed和Embase数据库,对具核梭杆菌与上消化道癌及其癌前病变的研究现况进行总结,发现癌组织中具核梭杆菌的丰度较癌旁组织高且与不良预后相关,该菌种与癌前病变的研究亟待开展。此外,标本类型、检测方式、菌种亚型、致癌机制等多方向仍然有待探索。
关键词: 具核梭杆菌    上消化道癌    癌前病变    
Progress in research of Fusobacterium nucleatum and upper gastrointestinal cancer
Li Minjuan , Shao Dantong , Chen Ru , Wang Shaoming , Wei Wenqiang     
Office for Cancer Registry, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
Abstract: With the development of multi-omics and high throughput sequencing technology, studies have shown that the disorder of microbiota is related to various cancers. Nevertheless, the research on the relationship between upper digestive tract cancer or precancerous lesions and gastrointestinal microecology is still less. Fusobacterium nucleatum, one of the oral symbiotic bacteria, is also an opportunistic pathogen, which can promote the formation of tumor microenvironment and can be used as a new biomarker for the early detection and early diagnosis of cancer. In this study, by searching CNKI, Wanfang data, PubMed and Embase databases, it was found that the abundance of F. nucleatum in cancer tissues is higher than that in paracancerous tissues and associated with poor prognosis. The research of relationship between F. nucleatum and precancerous lesions needs to be carried out urgently. In addition, the types of specimens, sequencing technology, strain subtypes, carcinogenic mechanism and other directions still need to be explored.
Key words: Fusobacterium nucleatum    Upper gastrointestinal cancer    Precancerous lesions    

在人体体表、与外界相通的各腔道及其黏膜上均定植着大量细菌、真菌等微生物,且不同部位菌群的多样性和丰度不同,其中定植在消化道的微生物数量庞大,所含基因数目是人类基因组总和的150倍[1],被称为人体的“第二基因库”。随着环境基因组计划(Environmental Genome Project)、整合人类微生物组项目(The Integrative Human Microbiome Project)等大型微生物项目的陆续开展、国际癌症微生物组联盟(International Cancer Microbiome Consortium)等组织相继成立以及16S rRNA、宏基因组等测序技术和分析软件的不断发展[2],越来越多的研究表明,肠道菌群与人体代谢性疾病(肥胖等)[3]、心血管疾病(心力衰竭、动脉粥样硬化等)[4]、神经精神性疾病(焦虑、抑郁等)[5]、癌症(口腔癌[6]、乳腺癌[7]等)的发生、发展均具有潜在关联。

现有微生物与疾病的相关性研究多为菌属水平,仅有少数研究已表明唾液标本、组织标本、粪便标本中的菌种具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)与结直肠癌[8-10]、食管癌(Esophageal Cancer)[11]等肿瘤发生、进展相关。由于上消化道癌疾病负担较重[12],那么进一步探索具核梭杆菌与上消化道癌,特别是癌前病变的相关性,将有利于推动上消化道癌症的早诊早治、临床治疗、预后评估等研究进展。又考虑到口腔作为上消化道起始部位、具核梭杆菌为口腔定植菌且唾液、牙菌斑等无创标本的兴起,因此,本文就具核梭杆菌在口腔癌、食管癌和胃癌的发生、发展过程中的生物作用及致癌机制做一综述,旨在为相关研究提供科学依据。

1.具核梭杆菌概述:具核梭杆菌,呈细长纺锤形,属核杆菌属,为革兰阴性无芽孢专性厌氧杆菌,作为口腔定植菌的同时广泛发现于胃肠道中。近年来,由于其在牙周炎等牙周病中起主导作用[13]以及可能引起脑、肺、子宫等部位的感染性疾病,具核梭杆菌被证实具有毒性或致病性,是一种机会性致病菌[14]。根据基因型和表型,具核梭杆菌可分为n、p、f、v和a共5个亚型[15-16],各亚型与不同疾病间的关联不同,且各疾病状态下可分离亚型也有所差异[6]

2.具核梭杆菌致癌机制:具核梭杆菌为口腔共生菌[14],其自身具有定植、黏附、侵袭等能力,可促进宿主细胞和肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移等,也可与其他菌群产生交互作用,从而影响机体免疫功能,促进炎症微环境、肿瘤微环境的形成[17-18]。其中,黏附是第一步,是具核梭杆菌致癌的重要环节。具核梭杆菌可以分泌黏附素FadA,从而黏附于上皮细胞、内皮细胞、NK细胞等多种宿主细胞表面,并可与唾液、细胞外基质蛋白等生物大分子结合;其中最重要的是,通过与E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)结合,激活β信号通路,形成FadA-钙黏蛋白结合体,致使细胞结合处松动,为直接、间接侵袭宿主细胞提供有利条件[19-21]。在黏附的基础上,FadA还是一种侵袭素,且不同具核梭杆菌亚型分泌的FadA侵袭能力不同[22-23]

除黏附和侵袭两大主要生物功能外,具核梭杆菌可通过促进IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、CCL20等因子分泌;激活Toll样受体-4、MMP9、WNT等信号通路;产生内毒素;生成丁酸诱导T细胞程序性死亡,抑制机体免疫反应等途径促进肿瘤微环境形成[18-19, 24-27]。而且随着代谢组学、蛋白组学、培养组学等多组学技术的发展,越来越多的研究表明具核梭杆菌与多种生物标志物相关,例如LINE-1甲基化水平、ATG-7、ULK-1[28]等。具核梭杆菌的黏附、侵袭能力以及对于宿主免疫功能的影响,部分揭示了具核梭杆菌的致癌机制,但现有研究更侧重于具核梭杆菌对结直肠癌的致癌机制,关注于具核梭杆菌对上消化道癌的致癌机制研究仍然较少。

3.具核梭杆菌与口腔癌:作为上消化道的起始部位,口腔具有丰富的菌群环境,包括具核梭杆菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌等共生菌[29]。口腔、咽癌(oral and pharyngeal cancer),简称口腔癌,以鳞状细胞癌较为常见,约占全身恶性肿瘤的3%[27, 30]。2018年全球口腔癌新发354 864例、死亡177 384例[31];中国2011年口腔癌新发39 450例、死亡16 933例[32]。典型的口腔鳞癌常表现为有症状或无症状的溃疡,可原发于口腔,也可由远处或邻近部位转移至口腔。目前已通过定量PCR、16S rRNA等技术在口腔鳞癌患者的唾液、牙菌斑、口腔脱落细胞、癌组织以及癌旁组织中检测出具核梭杆菌,其中癌组织中丰度最高且表现为一种炎性微生物[6]。具核梭杆菌还可促进口腔鳞癌进展,与口腔鳞癌不良预后相关[33-34]。关于口腔鳞癌的早诊早治,Ganly等[35]发现核杆菌属在正常口腔组织、癌前病变组织、癌组织中的丰度依次上升,而具核梭杆菌是否有此阶梯式丰度变化还未被证实(表 1)。

表 1 具核梭杆菌与口腔鳞癌的病例对照研究

4.具核梭杆菌与食管癌:食管位于微生态环境丰富的口咽和胃之间,微生物通过吞咽或反流作用可以进入食管,而一过性或定植性微生物均可能打破机体平衡状态,引起炎症,甚至可能进展为癌前病变或癌症。食管癌是常见恶性肿瘤之一,2018年全球食管癌新发572 034例、死亡508 585例[31];我国2015年食管癌新发246 000例、死亡188 000例,约占全球食管癌疾病负担的50%[12]。食管癌主要有鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)和腺癌(esophageal adenocarcinoma)2种病理类型,我国食管癌病例中,鳞状细胞癌占90%以上。已有研究显示,食管鳞状细胞癌的癌组织中具核梭杆菌丰度显著高于癌旁组织并与临床分期及患者不良预后相关,为具核梭杆菌作为食管鳞状细胞癌及其癌前病变的生物标志物提供证据[26, 39-40]。而考虑到食管组织标本收集的困难性,唾液标本逐渐成为新选择。Kageyama等[38]发现食管癌患者的唾液标本中具核梭杆菌丰度较对照组高,为食管癌早诊早治提供新思路。在我国,关于食管癌的菌群研究仍处于起步阶段,但是已有研究通过16S rRNA发现食管鳞状细胞癌的癌组织中核杆菌属含量高于癌旁组织[11]。近年来,新生物标本类型、新测序技术越来越多地运用到食管癌菌群研究中,虽然多为小样本、单中心、单样本类型的病例对照研究且对于癌前病变的关注明显不足,但为寻找具核梭杆菌等新型菌群标志物以及验证其在食管癌早诊早治方面的可行性提供了线索(表 2)。

表 2 具核梭杆菌与食管癌的病例对照研究

5.具核梭杆菌与胃癌:胃的共生菌群环境复杂多样。除幽门螺杆菌外,各部位胃癌(gastric cancer)的发生、进展均可能有多菌种参与,且菌种间的潜在交互作用以及胃液酸碱度、胃液含量对于同菌种内或不同菌种间的影响未知。全球范围内,2018年胃癌新发病例1 033 701例[34]、死亡病例782 685例[31];我国最新数据显示,2015年胃癌新发403 000例、死亡291 000例,发病和死亡均约占全球胃癌发病、死亡的50%,胃癌疾病负担较重[12]。由于胃微生态环境的复杂性、特殊性以及胃部生物标本收集的困难性,近年来关于胃微生态菌群与胃癌的相关性研究较少。现有研究表明,非贲门胃癌的癌组织中具核梭杆菌含量与不良预后相关且癌组织表面的具核梭杆菌的检出水平较侵袭部位高[36, 41-42]。Hsieh等[42]通过绘制受试者工作特征曲线发现具核梭杆菌预测胃癌的灵敏度和特异度分别为72.7%和68.6%,为菌种作为预测胃癌发生的新指标提供线索。此外,胃癌患者癌组织中微生物多样性与胃炎、肠上皮化生患者的胃部组织存在差异,为胃癌癌前病变的菌群研究提供新思路[42]。贲门癌是我国有明确亚部位信息的胃癌病例中最多的一种胃癌[12],但现有研究仅发现癌组织中核杆菌属含量较癌旁组织高,关于菌种水平的相关研究还有待进一步开展[11]。除组织外,还有少数关于唾液标本的研究,但并未发现具核梭杆菌与胃癌发生存在相关性[38]。综上所述,现有研究多为小样本、窄数据的病例对照研究,且以非贲门胃癌为主,亟待关于贲门癌以及非贲门胃癌的大样本、纵向队列研究(表 3)。

表 3 具核梭杆菌与胃癌的病例对照研究

6.结语:肠道菌群在癌症的发生、发展及治疗中的作用已经被越来越多的研究证实。就消化道肿瘤来说,目前国内外多关注于下消化道癌与消化道微生态环境之间的关系,而食管癌、胃癌等上消化道癌作为中国等国家的主要癌症负担之一,由于上消化道微生态环境的特殊性、复杂性以及标本收集的高难度,其与肠道菌群相关性的研究在国内、外均处于起步阶段,尤其是癌前病变方向。因此,总结结直肠癌的广泛菌群研究经验,结合现有少量上消化道癌及其癌前病变的菌群研究结果,具核梭杆菌作为口腔共生菌和机会性致病菌可作为上消化道癌的新兴、无创、微生物生物标志物,以期为上消化道癌早诊早治提供新线索。

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