中华流行病学杂志  2021, Vol. 42 Issue (8): 1509-1517   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20201016-01241
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文章信息

代苏尧, 杨帆, 胡逸凡, 肖雄.
Dai Suyao, Yang Fan, Hu Yifan, Xiao Xiong
不同膳食模式与常见慢性非传染性疾病关系的研究进展
Research progress on the relationship between dietary patterns and common noninfectious chronic diseases
中华流行病学杂志, 2021, 42(8): 1509-1517
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2021, 42(8): 1509-1517
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20201016-01241

文章历史

收稿日期: 2020-10-16
不同膳食模式与常见慢性非传染性疾病关系的研究进展
代苏尧 , 杨帆 , 胡逸凡 , 肖雄     
四川大学华西公共卫生学院/华西第四医院, 成都 610041
摘要: 随着社会的发展,中国居民膳食模式逐渐趋向西式化,同时疾病谱也逐渐转变为慢性非传染性疾病,如缺血性心脏病和脑卒中。饮食已被视为许多慢性疾病共同且可改变的影响因素。本研究通过检索中、英文数据库2015-2020年的文献,从系统的角度梳理并整合了近年来膳食模式与心血管系统、代谢性疾病、消化系统、运动系统和精神系统的研究结局指标、可能机制和研究结论等。本研究发现以红肉及其加工肉类、快餐食品、含糖饮料等为特征的膳食模式是大多数疾病的危险因素,而以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、鱼等为特征的膳食模式是大多数疾病的保护因素。本文提出了膳食模式研究中应注意的问题,为后续的研究以及疾病的预防和干预提供科学依据。
关键词: 膳食模式    慢性非传染性疾病    
Research progress on the relationship between dietary patterns and common noninfectious chronic diseases
Dai Suyao , Yang Fan , Hu Yifan , Xiao Xiong     
West China School of Public Health and West China Forth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
Abstract: With the development of society, the dietary pattern of Chinese residents gradually tends to be Westernized, and the disease spectrum has also been progressively changed into chronic non-communicable diseases like ischemic heart disease and stroke. Diet has been recognized as a common and modifiable factor for many chronic diseases. In this paper, the researches on dietary patterns and common chronic non-communicable diseases in recent years were summarized by searching the literature in Chinese and English databases in the past five years (2015-2020). This research integrated the outcome indicators, possible mechanisms, and research conclusions of dietary patterns and cardiovascular system, metabolic diseases, digestive system, locomotor system, and mental system in the past five years from the perspective of the human system. Dietary patterns characterized by red meat and processed meats, fast foods, sugary beverages were identified as risk factors for most diseases. In contrast, nutritional patterns characterized by vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish were protective factors for most conditions. Meanwhile, it also put forward some problems that should be paid attention to in studying dietary patterns to provide a scientific basis for the follow-up research and the prevention and intervention of diseases.
Key words: Dietary pattern    Noninfectious chronic disease    

在过去20年里,随着零售业和食品业的迅速发展,中国居民的饮食逐渐趋向“西式”及“现代化”[1]。人们更倾向于食用方便快捷的加工类食品或快餐,这些食品往往具有高油高糖的特点[2-3]。在疾病负担方面,根据2019年最新疾病负担研究数据显示,自1990年以来,非传染性疾病造成的伤残损失寿命年比例显著增加,其中脑卒中和缺血性心脏病为引起伤残调整寿命年的前三位病因[4]。全球近1/5的死亡与不良饮食有关,饮食被公认为许多慢性非传染性疾病的共同且可改变的影响因素[5],在慢性病的防治中扮演着重要角色。

传统的营养流行病学研究主要关注单一营养素或食物的影响。近年来,膳食模式分析在营养流行病学中的应用逐渐兴起[6]。膳食模式是指日常饮食中各种食物的数量及其在膳食中的相对构成[7]。膳食模式研究将食物、营养素作为整体进行研究,与传统的营养流行病学研究相比,有如下优势:①能综合考虑各种食物和营养素间可能存在的相互作用;②某些营养素(如钾和镁)之间存在高度关联,因此很难检测它们各自的影响,而膳食模式以饮食行为为基础,这种共线性可以发挥优势;③单一营养素的作用可能太小而无法检测,但包含在饮食模式中的多种营养素的累积作用可能增大到足以被检测到[8];④膳食模式的研究方法更有助于营养干预如制定膳食指南,因为膳食模式比单一食物或营养素更容易让公众理解并实践,因此更具有公共卫生意义[6, 9]

为明确常见膳食模式对人体系统健康的全面影响以及为今后膳食模式相关研究提供方向和指导,本研究通过检索中、英文数据库2015-2020年的文献,对有关膳食模式与常见慢性非传染性疾病的关系进行梳理,并以几个主要系统疾病为切入点展开探讨。

1. 膳食模式:膳食模式尚无确定的分类方法,不同国家和地区分类模式不一样。因此本文根据不同分类方法确定的膳食模式进行描述,目前常用的分类方法有先验法、后验法以及混合法。

(1)先验法:由国际组织或各国相关领域专业人士制定的对个体食物摄入定量评分的量表,用于综合评价个体的膳食摄入情况与某种膳食指南或科学饮食建议的一致情况,如地中海饮食评分、健康饮食指数(Healthy Eating Index,HEI)、国际膳食质量指数(Diet Quality Index,DQI)、膳食平衡指数(Diet Balance Index,DBI)、饮食控制高血压(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension,DASH)评分等。目前研究中较常使用的膳食指数有替代健康饮食指数(Alternative Healthy Eating Index,AHEI)、地中海饮食评分、DASH评分等。几乎所有膳食指数的正向指标都包括蔬菜、水果、豆类,但也有不同的侧重点。见表 1。AHEI-2010强调多不饱和脂肪酸的高摄入量,DASH饮食关注钠、低脂奶制品的摄入,而地中海饮食强调不饱和脂肪酸、橄榄油和鱼类的摄入,但并不像AHEI-2010和DASH饮食那样限制钠的摄入量。由表 1可知,除了DBI是依据《中国居民膳食指南》建立的,其余指数大部分基于欧美人群的饮食指南、预防特定疾病的指南或已知健康的饮食模式构建的,在应用和解释膳食指数评分时,需要考虑膳食指数的依据、包含条目、截断值类型、取值类型、是否包含总能量摄入及能量是否需要校正、是否需要分性别或年龄计算、各条目权重等[10],因此在评价研究人群的膳食质量需要结合研究目的和数据类型综合考虑进行选择。目前已有不少研究将DASH评分、地中海饮食评分、HEI评分应用于亚洲人群研究中[11-13]

表 1 常见先验膳食评分归纳表

(2)后验法:采用数据驱动的方法如主成分分析、因子分析等提取出的膳食模式。如西方模式、谨慎模式[20],由于研究数据来源不同以及方法的主观抉择,各膳食模式的命名及主要成分间存在交叉和不同。西方模式大多以红肉及精加工肉类、含糖饮料、高脂奶制品、精制谷物为特征,常见于欧美地区。谨慎模式大多以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、鱼类等为特征,常见于亚洲地区。由于后验膳食提取旨在最大化解释食物的变异,因此可以提取出具有当地特色的膳食模式,但往往不具有外推性。目前已有研究基于中国人群的数据提取膳食模式,Li和Shi[3]基于中国健康与营养调查数据使用主成分分析提取出传统膳食模式和现代膳食模式;而Yu等[21]基于中国慢性病前瞻性研究数据使用因子分析提取出传统北方膳食模式和现代膳食模式。

(3)混合法:结合数据驱动和先验知识得到的膳食模式,如降秩回归法。降秩回归法根据先验知识选择与感兴趣的疾病结局有关的指标(如营养素或者生化指标)作为反应变量,并采用数据驱动的方法提取能最大限度解释反应变量变异的膳食模式,更直接地将膳食模式与感兴趣的疾病联系起来[22]。不同于描述性研究,在分析流行病学中关注的是膳食模式与疾病风险的关系,由于单纯数据驱动产生的后验膳食模式旨在解释食物摄入的变异,往往不能成功地得出预测疾病的饮食模式,而通过降秩回归法获得的饮食模式旨在尽量解释疾病特异性的营养素或者生物标志物的变异,能更好地阐明饮食在疾病病因学中的重要性。Frank等[23]在探究膳食模式与2型糖尿病关系时,根据已有先验知识即脂联素、HDL-C和TG与2型糖尿病存在因果关联,选择这3种生物标志物作为响应变量纳入降秩回归,通过降维的方法得到能最大程度解释这3种生物标志物变异的因子(食物)的线性组合,即膳食模式。

2. 膳食模式与疾病:通过文献检索,本研究发现目前国内外膳食模式与疾病的关联性研究主要集中在心血管系统、代谢性疾病、消化系统、精神系统、运动系统、女性及妊娠相关疾病、泌尿系统疾病等。由于篇幅限制,本研究将根据人体系统进行分类,按照重要性分别对心血管系统、代谢性疾病、消化系统、精神系统、运动系统与膳食模式的研究进行综述。

虽然不同膳食模式对于各系统的疾病存在不同的影响,但是总体存在一些共性,即以红肉及精加工肉类、快餐食品、含糖饮料等为特征的膳食模式是疾病的危险因素,整体上呈高热量、高脂肪、高碳水的特点,如西方模式、炎性膳食模式等;而以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、鱼、豆类、坚果等为特征的膳食模式是疾病的保护因素,如谨慎模式、地中海膳食模式等。本文接下来将对膳食模式对不同系统影响的特点进行综述。

(1)心血管系统:心血管系统中主要研究的结局有高血压、脑卒中、缺血性心脏病、心肌梗塞、心力衰竭等疾病,而大部分膳食模式研究同时也关注心血管疾病的危险因素如中心性肥胖、血脂异常等。

以红肉及其制品、快餐、甜食、油、盐等为特征的膳食模式与心血管疾病及其危险因素呈正相关,此类膳食模式大多呈现高能量、高碳水、高脂肪、高钠、低钾、低钙的特征[24-27]。以蔬菜、水果、坚果、全谷物、豆类等为特征的膳食模式对心血管疾病及其危险因素呈保护作用[24, 26, 28],此类膳食模式呈低热量、低脂肪、低碳水化合物和低钠的特点,包含较多的膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质(钙、镁、钾、硒等)[29]。有研究认为富含蛋白质的膳食模式可以降低血压[30],可能是由于来源于食物蛋白质的降压肽对血压的调节作用,也可能通过增加某些氨基酸如牛磺酸来抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ对Ca2+转运的作用,从而降低血压[31]

DASH饮食作为针对降低高血压特地提出的膳食,在心血管风险上具有很好的保护作用。DASH饮食强调水果、蔬菜、脱脂或低脂奶制品、谷物、坚果和豆类的摄入,限制红肉和加工肉类、盐和含糖饮料的摄入[17],已被许多国家的糖尿病和心脏协会纳入指南进行广泛推荐。DASH饮食能降低冠心病[25]、高血压[32-33]、脑卒中[33]、腹主动脉瘤[34]及其相关危险因素的风险[25, 35],可能与①富含钾、钙、镁等已证明对血浆肾素活性与肾素-血管紧张素系统有影响的矿物质;②含有某些植物化学物如具有抗炎、抗氧化、降低血管生成作用的黄酮类物质;③降低血压、糖化血红蛋白和BMI等其他已确定的心血管疾病风险因素等复杂机制有关[35]。地中海饮食虽然不是特地针对心血管疾病提出的膳食模式,但在心血管疾病(如高血压、冠心病、心源性猝死)及其危险因素方面也具有保护作用[25, 36-38],可能是炎症、肠道菌群等复杂机制共同作用的结果[36]

(2)代谢性疾病:饮食与体内能量、糖、脂肪、蛋白质等多种物质代谢有关。目前大量研究均已证明,饮食是代谢性疾病发生发展的重要因素之一。在代谢性疾病中,主要研究的结局有2型糖尿病、超重或肥胖、MS、血脂异常等。

与代谢性疾病的发病有关的膳食模式大多以红肉及加工肉类、油炸食品、快餐、甜品、精制谷物、酒精等为特征[39-41],膳食模式整体上呈现高能量、高碳水、高脂肪的特点。而对代谢性疾病发病呈保护作用的膳食模式大多以蔬菜、水果、乳类及乳制品、全谷物、坚果、鱼虾、禽肉等为特征[3, 42-43]。除共性外,与各疾病相关的膳食模式还呈现一些其他特点。与糖尿病发病有关的膳食模式大多包含高糖、高油脂食物和红肉及加工肉类等[44-46];与肥胖发病有关的膳食模式大多包含油炸食品、快餐、肉类等脂肪含量高的食物[47-49];与血脂异常发病有关的膳食模式大多包含红肉及加工肉、米饭、甜食等高碳水、高脂肪食物[50-52];与高尿酸发病有关的膳食模式大多包含海鲜、内脏、肉类、菌藻等高嘌呤食物[53-55]

健康膳食模式评分如地中海膳食评分、DASH评分、AHEI与代谢性疾病的发病呈负相关。地中海饮食可以改善代谢性疾病相关指标包括血糖、血脂、BMI等[44, 56-57],但Mirmiran等[58]对伊朗2 241名成年人随访3年发现地中海饮食评分与MS无关,可能与非地中海国家和地中海国家存在食物可获得性、食物营养素构成、食物加工和制备方面的差异有关。DASH饮食能降低高尿酸血症、2型糖尿病、MS等代谢性疾病风险[44, 54, 59]。AHEI系列评分得分越高,肥胖、MS、糖尿病的患病风险越低[44, 60-61]

(3)消化系统疾病:由于人类所摄入的食物均在消化系统进行摄入、消化、吸收、排泄,因此消化系统疾病与膳食模式也存在密切关联。在消化系统中主要研究的结局有胃癌、肝癌、食管癌、非酒精性脂肪肝、结直肠癌等。

以红肉及精加工肉类、酒为主的膳食模式增加食道癌[62]、非酒精性脂肪肝、结直肠癌等患病风险,而以蔬菜、水果、全谷物为主的膳食模式对该类疾病具有保护作用。Bertuccio等[20]通过Meta分析发现在富含水果和蔬菜的“谨慎/健康”饮食和富含淀粉类食物、肉类和脂肪的“西式/不健康”饮食之间,胃癌风险的差异高达2倍。多项研究也发现非酒精性脂肪肝与食用全谷物、豆类、鱼、蔬菜和水果呈负相关,而与食用精制谷物、红肉及加工肉类、油炸食品呈正相关[63-64]。水果、蔬菜与结直肠癌风险呈负相关,而酒类、酱菜及腌制品类、红肉类及禽肉类、油炸食品和饮料的摄入与结直肠癌的发生呈正相关[65-66]。Bravi等[67]对24项病例对照研究进行梳理发现基于水果和蔬菜的饮食模式对上消化道癌症存在有益作用,而基于肉类及其制品、酒精的模式可能出现不利的作用。

HEI[68-70]、DASH评分[71]、地中海饮食评分[68-70]与消化系统疾病风险呈负相关,即对健康的饮食模式依从性越高,患该类疾病的风险越低。但Li等[69]对494 968名美国人随访10年后发现HEI和调整地中海饮食评分与胃贲门癌或非贲门腺癌无显著相关性。虽然食管、胃、肝、结直肠等在解剖学上属于消化系统,且食管和胃属于邻近器官,但其与膳食的不同关联反映了饮食在消化系统各器官中的可能存在不同抗炎、抗氧化能力或其他生物学机制。

(4)精神系统疾病:精神健康方面与膳食模式相关的常见研究结局有认知功能受损(障碍)、抑郁症、阿尔茨海默病、失眠症等。目前膳食模式已被认为是影响精神系统疾病的重要发病因素之一。此外,由于精神系统健康与心血管健康间存在很多共病的生理基础[72],精神系统疾病(如抑郁症、认知功能下降等)和心血管疾病间也存在关联[72]。心脑血管损伤程度与认知功能受损呈正相关,膳食模式也可能通过影响血压及心脑血管从而损伤认知功能[72]

以红肉及其制品、油炸食品、含糖饮料等为特征的膳食模式是精神系统疾病的危险因素。不健康的饮食如高脂饮食、高糖饮食会导致神经退行性变,增加精神系统患病的风险[73-74]。对精神系统疾病有保护作用的膳食模式大多包含蔬菜、水果、全谷物等食物。抑郁、认知功能、阿尔茨海默病与全身炎症的上调和促氧化-抗氧化平衡的改变密切相关,而蔬菜、水果、鱼虾、坚果中的抗氧化和抗炎物质可能起到保护作用[73, 75-77]。膳食模式可能通过①抗炎和抗氧化机制,产生神经保护作用;②食物中的营养物质对神经营养素的合成、突触功能和神经发生有促进作用[78-79];③改变细胞膜的流动性和通透性[80];④心脑血管相关的危险因素[81]等复杂的机制对精神系统产生影响。

各类膳食指数相关研究均发现坚持健康的饮食习惯与精神健康疾病呈负相关。DASH饮食可以降低认知障碍、阿尔茨海默病、失眠症的发病风险[73, 82-83]。坚持地中海饮食模式可以降低认知功能受损[82, 84]、阿尔茨海默病[73, 81]、精神障碍[85]、抑郁症、焦虑症等疾病[86]的发病风险。不过Shi等[87]对中国4 852名≥55岁成年人随访15年发现,虽然提取的膳食模式包含与地中海饮食相似的成分如蔬菜、豆类和全谷物,但没有显示出对认知功能的保护作用,可能由于膳食模式中没有鱼和坚果这些对认知功能有益的食物成分,这也是地中海饮食的重要特征。

(5)运动系统疾病:研究与膳食模式相关的运动系统结局指标主要有骨骼健康(如骨折、骨质疏松等)和骨骼肌健康(肌肉功能降低、肌肉减少等)两方面。

以红肉及精加工肉类、甜品、含糖饮料、零食等为特征的膳食模式是骨骼及肌肉健康的危险因素[88-89],而对骨骼及肌肉健康有保护作用的膳食模式大多以鸡蛋、豆类、奶及奶制品、蔬菜、水果、鱼虾等为特征[88-90]。可能与以下机制有关:①膳食模式中充足的矿物质(钙、钾、镁)及蛋白质对于骨骼健康如骨基质的形成和维持具有促进作用[91];②食物中的营养成分可以维持人体酸碱平衡,比如镁和钾可以缓冲导致骨吸收的酸性条件,防止骨质流失[92]。水果和蔬菜等碱性食物预防酸中毒,保护肌肉质量和力量[93];③促炎细胞因子会导致破骨细胞的过度激活和成骨细胞活性的降低[94],而蔬菜中的抗氧化剂如多酚对活性氧具有清除功能,减少氧化应激,从而对骨骼健康起到保护作用。

各先验健康膳食指数对于骨骼健康的作用仍存在争议。地中海饮食对骨骼及肌肉有保护作用[93, 95-96],坚持DASH饮食模式与患骨关节炎呈负相关[97]。也有研究认为健康指数与运动系统之间关系尚不明确,Craig等[98]通过以往文献进行系统回顾和证据图研究认为目前缺乏可靠的证据表明地中海饮食和各个年龄段肌肉骨骼健康(骨折、骨密度、骨质疏松和骨骼肌减少)之间的关系。Monjardino等[99]对1 180名青少年随访4年后未发现地中海饮食、DASH评分和前臂骨密度之间存在关联,可能由于这些指南通常不是针对运动系统健康提出的,没有捕捉到对运动系统健康起重要作用的食物组分。同时膳食模式中的食物组分互相作用也有可能抵消了某些食物的效应,比如地中海饮食模式虽然包含蔬菜、水果等碱性物质,但也包括谷类等酸性食物,后者可能抵消前者的碱性作用[99]

3. 小结:本研究结果提示食用高营养密度的食物如蔬菜、水果、全谷物、鱼、豆类等。这些食物富含矿物质、膳食纤维、n-3脂肪酸、抗氧化物等物质,对于维护各大系统的健康均有益处[100]。此外,可以用更健康的油脂来源代替饱和脂肪酸,例如,可以用富含不饱和脂肪酸的植物油如橄榄油代替动物脂肪如猪油。一些零食如爆米花、饼干和糕点也是饱和脂肪酸的重要膳食来源,可以选择食品加工的油脂来调节饮食中的脂肪酸[101]

膳食影响人体健康往往不是单一途径的,对生理机制的探索一直处于研究中。本研究通过文献梳理发现饮食对人体各大系统的影响既存在共性,也各有特点。膳食可能通过影响血压、血糖-胰岛素稳态、血脂和脂蛋白浓度和功能、氧化应激、全身炎症、血管内皮健康、凝血/血栓、肝脏功能、脂肪细胞功能、心脏功能、代谢消耗、大脑奖励、体重调节通路、内脏脂肪、微生物等多种途径影响心血管疾病和代谢性疾病的发病风险[102]。在消化系统方面,可能通过致癌/抑癌作用、肠道菌群、胆汁酸分泌、炎症、氧化应激、肠道屏障功能、脂代谢等途径影响消化系统健康。在精神系统方面,可能通过影响炎症反应、氧化应激、神经细胞膜、脑源性神经营养因子、神经递质、脑血管功能和肠道菌群等途径产生影响[78, 80]。在运动系统方面,膳食可能通过影响炎症反应、氧化应激、骨基质的形成和维持、酸碱平衡等机制影响骨骼和肌肉的健康。上述各个系统中膳食模式均提到可能通过全身炎症和氧化应激来影响疾病的发生发展过程[103-104]。高脂肪、高碳水、高蛋白质饮食与促进炎性反应的进展有关。比如以精制谷物、红肉及加工肉类、西式快餐、内脏、含糖饮料等为特征的西方膳食模式,这类膳食模式富含糖、胆固醇、饱和脂肪酸等,与炎症水平呈正相关[41, 104]。实验研究显示高脂肪、高碳水化合物和高蛋白质等饮食促进炎症反应过程,炎性细胞因子促进肝脏组织的慢性低度炎性反应过程的发生发展[105],而以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、豆类等为特征的膳食模式具有抗炎、抗氧化的作用[104, 106]

需要注意的是,在本文中提到以某些食物为特征的膳食模式与某类疾病有关并不是特指某类食物与疾病有关,而是大部分研究关注的膳食模式的特征中提到了这类食物。因为食物本身单独的效应并不是本研究的研究范畴,而且某类食物的单独效应可能受到膳食模式中其他食物及食品组成、类型、品种和制备方法等的影响[37]。殷召雪等[107]研究发现以蔬菜摄入较多为特征的膳食模式与认知功能损伤呈正相关,可能由于我国居民摄入的蔬菜通常是用盐烹调或者腌制,随着蔬菜摄入增加钠盐的摄入也增加,从而血压水平上升,导致认知功能受损。

部分研究得出与其他研究不一致的结论时,可以从以下几方面进行考虑和分析:①暴露的测量方法。大部分研究的膳食调查问卷是自主设计的,未进行信效度检验或者信效度不高。同时,基于FFQ的调查问卷很难包含调查对象所摄入的所有食物,不能反映真实的膳食模式;②暴露的测量偏倚。膳食调查中,调查对象往往倾向于高报健康食物的摄入量如水果、蔬菜,而低报一些不健康食物的摄入量如酒;③膳食模式的计算方法。先验指数评分计算方法、后验膳食模式因子提取方法、因子旋转方法、因子得分计算方法等也会影响膳食模式的确定;④研究人群所在地域文化异质性。不同国家、地区人群的基因异质性、食物的可及性和营养素构成、不同文化对食物的食用偏好以及食品的加工和制备工艺不同都可能会影响饮食的整体健康效益[108];⑤研究设计方面。横断面研究可能存在反向因果,只能说明暴露和结局间存在关联,而不具有因果推断的能力;⑥研究对象的选择。样本量和纳入排除标准均会影响研究结论的解读和外推性;⑦关联性分析。通常对膳食模式按照分位数进行划分,可能存在错分的情况。对于结局,可能由于未使用金标准判断存在错分,或者自报结局不准确的情况。此外,模型的混杂控制不足也可能影响结果。

本研究概述了近年来膳食模式研究的常见方法,并从人体系统的角度梳理并整合了近年来膳食模式与心血管系统、代谢性疾病、消化系统、运动系统和精神系统的研究结局指标、可能机制和研究结论等,本研究发现以红肉及其加工肉类、快餐食品、含糖饮料等为特征的膳食模式是大多数疾病的危险因素,而以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、鱼等为特征的膳食模式是大多数疾病的保护因素。对于大部分系统,健康的膳食模式(如DASH饮食、地中海饮食等)对人体健康具有保护作用,而少数系统与膳食模式(如运动系统与地中海模式)的结论仍存在争议,需要临床试验和大型前瞻性队列在不同人群中进行进一步探索。同时本研究也提出了膳食模式研究中应注意的问题,为后续的研究以及疾病的预防和干预提供科学依据。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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