文章摘要
蒋志杰,金鹏飞,张曼蓉,蒋国雷,胡乐,牛乾,张子杰,李靖欣.基因多态性影响疫苗免疫应答的研究进展[J].中华流行病学杂志,2026,47(1):180-186
基因多态性影响疫苗免疫应答的研究进展
Progress in research of influence of gene polymorphisms on vaccine immune response
收稿日期:2025-07-09  出版日期:2026-01-16
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20250709-00473
中文关键词: 基因  疫苗  免疫应答
英文关键词: Gene  Vaccine  Immune response
基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2307601)
作者单位E-mail
蒋志杰 东南大学公共卫生学院, 南京 210009  
金鹏飞 江苏省医学创新中心, 国家卫生健康委员会肠道病原重点实验室, 江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院), 南京 210009  
张曼蓉 东南大学公共卫生学院, 南京 210009  
蒋国雷 东南大学公共卫生学院, 南京 210009  
胡乐 东南大学公共卫生学院, 南京 210009  
牛乾 东南大学公共卫生学院, 南京 210009  
张子杰 云南大学Bio-X交叉技术创新中心, 昆明 650091 zijiezhang@ynu.edu.cn 
李靖欣 东南大学公共卫生学院, 南京 210009
江苏省医学创新中心, 国家卫生健康委员会肠道病原重点实验室, 江苏省疾病预防控制中心(江苏省预防医学科学院), 南京 210009 
jingxin42102209@126.com 
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中文摘要:
      本文围绕近年来基因多态性与疫苗免疫应答差异研究领域的相关进展展开讨论,系统回顾了当前在COVID-19疫苗、流感疫苗等多个领域中关于人类白细胞抗原(HLA)及其他关键免疫调控基因多态性与疫苗应答关系的研究成果,并探讨了不同基因型对抗体产生、免疫保护以及突破性感染风险的影响。针对基因多态性带来的挑战,本文进一步归纳了应对该影响的几种关键疫苗优化策略,包括通过保守区位选择策略、多价疫苗策略,以及肽-载体偶联策略等。尽管基因组学为精准疫苗设计奠定了理论基础,但目前研究中仍面临多重挑战,包括基因-环境交互作用的复杂性、数据共享与隐私保护的伦理问题。未来,需进一步研究特定基因多态性对疫苗免疫应答差异的影响,如细分HLA亚型,并结合功能性实验来阐明具体机制,建立基于基因组学和多组学的精准免疫策略的探索实践,为疫苗可预防疾病提供更高效的解决方案。
英文摘要:
      To introduce the recent progress in the research of gene polymorphisms and differences in vaccine immune responses, this paper systematically summarizes current findings of the associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and other key immunoregulatory gene variations with vaccine responses across different domains, including COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of different genotypes on antibody production, immune protection, and the risk for breakthrough infections. To address the challenges posed by genetic polymorphisms, this paper further summarizes several key strategies for vaccine optimization, including conserved epitope targeting, multivalent vaccine design, and peptide-carrier conjugation approaches. Although genomics has laid a theoretical foundation for precise vaccine design, multiple challenges still persist in current research, such as the complexity of gene-environment interactions and ethical concerns regarding data sharing and privacy protection. Future investigations should further evaluate the effects of specific gene polymorphisms, such as detailed HLA subtypes, on the variations in vaccine immune responses, and elucidate underlying mechanisms by integrating functional studies Exploring and establishing genomics and multi-omics-based precise immunization strategies will provide more effective solutions for vaccine-preventable diseases.
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